TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: Elevated levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in type 1 and 2 DN patients have been linked to DN development (Banba et al., 2000) through recruitment of macrophages and monocytes to inflammatory sites and upregulation of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, -6, -8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.