TNF and diabetes mellitus: Palmitoleic acid levels are enhanced in the phospholipid profile of keratinocytes and fibroblasts after sea buckthorn oil treatment, this also causes the reduction of mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes, i.e., TNF-α [73], therefore this oil may affect intracellular signaling based on PI3K/Akt kinase cascades, and have anti-inflammatory activity, which was also confirmed by experiments on rats with diabetes [74].