TNF and urticaria: Consequently, activities of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), chemoattractants like C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8, IL-8), and the migration of inflammatory cells into skin tissue promote a hyperinflammatory state characterized by urticaria, eczema, pruritus, and other dermatological changes [12, 13].