HP and gastric cancer: This study showed an increased development of gastric neoplasms (including gastric adenoma and gastric cancer) in the order of group A (HP Ab (−)/atrophy (−) group) to group B (HP Ab (+)/atrophy (−) group), group C (HP Ab (+)/atrophy (+) group), and group D (HP Ab (–)/atrophy (+) group) during the follow-up period (mean of 5.6 years).