Interestingly, in the murine models presented by Pan et al. 33, there were clear elevations of plasma H3Cit only in mice with LPS-induced shock but not in mice with haemorrhagic shock, and H3Cit was more responsive to endotoxemia than the clinically implemented septic biomarker procalcitonin and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Here, IL1B is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.