CDKN1A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: At the transcriptional level, senescence markers (p53, p21, p16, and β-galactosidase), proinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL6, MCP1, and IL1-β), and epigenetic signature of histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to control subjects.