HGF and acute kidney injury: MSCs secrete a number of factors, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (vEGF), and IGF-1, which can exert anti-apoptotic [29, 30], immunomodulation [31, 32], anti-oxidative [33, 34], and pro-angiogenic factors [35, 36] and target almost all pathophysiological components of AKI.