Eleven cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α and LT-α), measured by flow cytometry, revealed that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased in the O. viverrini-associated ICC compared to uninfected normal controls [29]. Here, IL4 is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.