When treated with BDBV223, but not the other mAbs, VLPs were found to be co-localized with the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) marker of lysosomes as early as 30 min after infection (Figs 2E and S6), which was still observed at 60 min (S5 and S6 Figs). Here, LAMP1 is linked to infection.