Summarizing our findings in MI patients, we observed an up-regulation of the expression of OPG and MGP, respectively during the acute phase and 1–2 months post MI, together with acute phase inflammation and residual inflammatory and oxidative activation 1–2 months post MI (i.e. high levels of oxLDL and TGF-β1). Here, TGFB1 is linked to myocardial infarction.