IFI27 and coinfection: Our microarray data revealed that IFI27 was increased approximately 3 fold at the advanced, rather than the early, stage of liver disease by co-infection, which is statistically significant (Fig 4), and the observed differential expression of IFN-related genes by co-infection is consistent with other studies [36, 72–76], showing the importance of the gene in accelerating liver malady in co-infected patients.