GNMT and coinfection: Our microarray data identified numerous hepatocellular genes which were expressed in a liver disease stage-specific manner by co-infection, and we have chosen 3 genes (ACSL4, GNMT, IFI27) and 1 miRNA (mir122), whose expression was consistently either up- or down-regulated in a disease stage-specific manner in all 3 co-infected patients’ subjects’ liver.