TNF and Cognitive impairment: Using this model, we found that the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) rise in 1-month old mice, 2 months before the onset of amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment (Cavanagh et al., 2013), which becomes prevalent at 3 months of age in this model (Chishti et al., 2001).