In particular, data mainly obtained in animal models suggest that IL-1β and TNF exacerbate or favor excitotoxicity by modulating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the aging brain, mimicking the alterations occurring in MS and EAE brains (Jasek and Griffith, 1998; Viviani et al., 2003, 2006; Stellwagen et al., 2005; Centonze et al., 2009; Viviani and Boraso, 2011; Grasselli et al., 2013). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.