Though we found that GCNT2/I-branched glycan expression decreased IGF-1 and RGD ligand binding activities on the surface of melanoma cells, there are several potential reasons for how GCNT2/I-branched glycans regulate downstream signaling, including but not limited to, cell surface receptor expression level, receptor-ligand binding, and membrane organization, including dimerization and clustering. Here, IGF1 is linked to melanoma.