Consistent with the scenario depicted in Fig. 1, only when mice were immunized against DNP (DNP-KLH), but not mock immunized (KLH) and treated with PSMA aptamer–DNP conjugate, local tumor growth (Supplementary Fig. 1c) and lung metastasis (Supplementary Fig. 1d) were significantly inhibited. This evidence concerns the gene FOLH1 and neoplasm.