We have previously shown that targeting 4-1BB costimulation to tumor via VEGF or osteopontin (OPN) in mice resulted in effective antitumor immunity in multiple murine tumor models24, and that combination with radiation further enhanced the scope of VEGF-targeted 4-1BB costimulation to tumors that otherwise did not express or expressed low levels of VEGF. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.