In agreement with this mechanism, immunohistochemical analysis has shown that tumors from DNP immune mice, but not control immunized mice, treated with VEGF–DNP are infiltrated with antibodies that are closely associated with tumor cells and adjacent ECM but not with endothelial cells (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 3), consistent with the cell-associated nature of tumor-secreted VEGF as discussed above. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.