IFNB1 and infection: qPCR analysis indicated that transcription of downstream genes including Ifnb1, Cxcl10, and Il6 following infection with HSV-1 and VACV was markedly inhibited in Zcchc3−/− mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) (Fig. 2a) and dendrite cells (BMDCs) (Supplementary Fig. 2A).