Strikingly, two virus-related biological processes, 1) viral carcinogenesis (22 hit genes) and 2) human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-1) infection (23 hit genes), were also significantly overrepresented, along with several NSCLC tumorigenesis-related pathways, including proteasome pathway [28] and p53 signaling pathway [29]. Here, TP53 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.