Consistently, in various animal models of ALI initiated by direct instillation of LPS, E. coli or S. pneumoniae, B-1a cells were shown to migrate from the pleural cavity to the lung parenchymal tissues, where they secrete GM-CSF and IgM to protect rodents against ALI (Weber et al. 2014). The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.