SEMA4D and cancer: Most studies concerning the role of Sema4D in cancer indicate a pro-tumoral activity of this semaphorin acting on the diverse components of cancer development and progression, including cancer cells, blood vessels, infiltrating macrophages, etc. (Ch'ng & Kumanogoh, 2010; Neufeld et al., 2016b; Gurrapu et al., 2016; Chapoval et al., 2017).