MTOR and cancer: Numerous studies have clarified the role of various signalling pathways, ranging from AMPK/mTOR to PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling, in malignant cell behaviours by regulating cellular autophagy.29, 30, 31, 32, 33 However, few studies have elucidated the mechanisms of how autophagy regulates downstream signalling to mediate cellular activities in cancer.