Similarly, Kadowaki et al.20evaluated a large number of patients with heart failure (n = 134, 71 ± 13 years, NYHA II-IV) and demonstrated that low BDNF levels (≤ 12.4 ng/mL) had poor prognosis compared to high BDNF concentration (> 12.4 ng/mL) (log rank test: p = 0.0005). The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is heart failure.