IFNG and HIV-1 infection: Nonetheless, IFN-γ production is induced in the initial stages of HIV-1 infection (Stacey et al., 2009) and some reports indicate that IFN-γ possesses anti-HIV-1 activity, particularly in macrophages (Hammer et al., 1986; Koyanagi et al., 1988; Kornbluth et al., 1989; Meylan et al., 1993).