Mesoangioblasts are in vitro counterparts of muscle perivascular cells that express tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP).43 Through the use of a TNAP-cre mouse, they were shown to contribute to muscle growth and regeneration to a minor extent.44 Human donor mesoangioblasts, derived from an HLA-matched brother, were intra-arterially transplanted in five DMD patients via their femoral and subclavian arteries (because of the cells' ability to cross the inflamed vessel wall) in four consecutive infusions at increasing cell doses. The gene discussed is ALPL; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.