HSF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Several small molecular inhibitors of HSF1 have been identified [40, 41], and a water-soluble pro-drug of the inhibitor triptolide is currently in phase I clinical trial for advanced gastrointestinal tumors (NTCT01927965) and has demonstrated pre-clinical activity against hepatocellular carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and ovarian and pancreatic cancer [42–44].