Importantly, as observed for CD, among those genes significantly upregulated by at least 1.5-fold in UC patients with no remission to VDZ therapy, many were involved in the recruitment of T cells and the T cell polarization such as the CXCR3 binding cytokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 (41–46), the Th2-dependent cytokine CCL26 (47), or the receptor of the Th2-dependent cytokine IL-13RA2 (48, 49) and the p40 containing cytokine IL23A, which has previously been shown to be essential for T cell-mediated colitis (39) (Table S7 in Supplementary Material). Here, CXCL11 is linked to colitis.