In particular, pregravid obesity was associated with suppression of genes involved in retinoid, retinol, and retinoic acid metabolism (GPC4, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, CRABP2, RBP1, RBP4, SDC4, and PTGES) (Figure 4D) as well as developmental pathways, such as BMP (NOG, CHRDL1, DKK1, and SRFP1) and Wnt signaling (NOTUM, IGFBP1, and IGFBP2) (Figure 4D). Here, NOG is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.