New models investigating IFN heterogeneity and viral antagonism may help interpret the data.85 However, we must reconcile data from some IFN perturbation experiments that suggest viral loads are altered only in the later stages of infection when IFN is absent.63 These data may indicate that IFN has more potent effects (eg, on inflammation) other than limiting virus infection of target cells. Here, IFNA1 is linked to viral infectious disease.