Glial cell activation contributes to the PD pathophysiology by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and RNS (e.g., nitric oxide [NO]), leading to the PD progression and triggering neurodegeneration (Block et al., 2007; Rappold and Tieu, 2010). Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.