LHX3 and hypopituitarism: In the pituitary, mutations in Lhx3 and Lhx4 are also the causes for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) (Sheng et al., 1996; Netchine et al., 2000; Dateki et al., 2010), indicating that Ldb1/Lhx3/Lhx4 complex is indispensable for pituitary development.