IDE and Alzheimer disease: It has been shown to increase ER stress (Marwarha et al., 2016), proinflammatory cytokine expression in astrocytes and microglia (Gupta et al., 2012; Tracy et al., 2013), activation of TLRs via NFKβ (Oberbach et al., 2012), and to reduce the expression of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a protease responsible for the degradation of amyloid-β, the accumulation of which is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD (Du et al., 2010).