SLC18A2 and Cognitive impairment: As shown in Fig. 5 e–h, working memory significantly improved, thus indicating that normalizing extracellular DA levels by means of the re-expression of astrocyte VMAT2 or treatment with L-DOPA was sufficient to prevent the onset of cognitive deficits (n = 6 mice each group, Student’s t test, ***p < 0.001; *p < 0.05).