Interestingly, we have identified TP53 mutations (G245C and R273H) are distributed only in group of smokers in ESCC (5/88) and none is found in non-smokers group (Additional file 2: Figure S2) [16], which suggest that TP53 mutations may be induced by tobacco exposure and lead to ESCC progress. This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.