JUN and asthma: PAF can also activate signal pathways such as nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (Lukashova et al., 2001), and enhance the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 (AP1), which aggravates the symptoms of asthma (McLaughlin et al., 2006; Das et al., 2016).