CXCL12 and neoplasm: In the last decade, several preclinical studies in glioma models have shown that the impairment of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling using specific antagonists reduces tumor growth, angiogenesis, and recurrence, suggesting that this approach represents a promising strategy for GB therapy (Tseng et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014).