TGFB1 and Familial prostate cancer: In prostate cancer cells, after TGF-β treatment, PEG10 knockdown decreased Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation, SBE-4 (which contains four copies of Smad binding elements) luciferase reporter activity and decreased the expression of mesenchymal transcription factor Snail1 and Zeb1 (which are the direct mediators of the TGF-β pathway) [31].