MAPK3 and infection: For further confirmation of our results ERK1/2 and p38 activation was also studied upon inhibition of sphK or S1P supplementation in hMDM As observed earlier, the expression of S1PR2 and S1PR3 were decreased during the infection, we checked for ERK1/2 phosphorylation, cytokine secretion and parasite load in the presence of S1PR2 and S1PR3 inhibitors, JTE-013 and CAY10444, respectively.