TLR4 and HIV-1 infection: Consistent with our results, Wang et al. [15] study demonstrated PSP's ability to trigger TLR4, and Swaminathan et al. [27] have shown that TLR4 was one of the two most potent Toll-like receptors to counteract HIV infection in human macrophages, strongly suggesting that TLR4 implication against HIV-1 infection is of great importance.