NFKB1 and kidney injury: Generated ROS activates the transcription factor NF-κB, resulting in the synthesis of various proinflammatory adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines such as ICAM-1 and MCP-1 which promote and activate inflammatory cell migration [36] Moreover, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is highly expressed in proximal tubular cells following kidney injury as it is considered a specific blood biomarker for acute and chronic kidney injuries [37].