TGFB1 and gastric ulcer: Our data revealed low expression of TGF-β1 in the EtOH-treated group, while SP extract mitigated the inflammatory effect of ethanol on the gastric tissue, which is in compliance with the results of Monforte et al. [17] who showed that the antiulcer activity of SP decoction against acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats resulted in a significant reduction of UI via anti-inflammatory activity.