Mitochondrial DNA damage promotes palmitate-induced insulin resistance mainly by increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress, ER stress, JNK activation, and apoptosis, since overexpression of DNA glycosylase/apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase (hOGG1) in the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells abrogated these effects [263, 264]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to Insulin resistance.