TLR4 and Insulin resistance: IL-1β is a ligand for the IL-1 receptor which, like TLR4, signals via MyD88, IL-1 receptor-activated kinases (IRAK1 to 4), IKK, and NF-κB (Figure 2) [57, 58, 360] and should thus potentiate the whole model for insulin resistance in insulin target cells (Figure 2).