Combined stresses at the level of mitochondria and the nucleus which are likely to appear in neurodegenerative diseases/aging impair both mitochondrial processes (e.g., mtQC) and nuclear function (e.g., DNA repair), and in the current study, we have provided examples of increased accumulation of DNA damage upon PINK1 loss of function, adaptive response in PINK1-KO cells, and impaired bystander signalling (Figure 7(d)). This evidence concerns the gene PINK1 and neurodegenerative disease.