SHH and brain ischemia: By topical application of N-terminal fragment of Shh (Shh-N) and/or its specific inhibitor cyclopamine in fibrin glue over the peri-infarct cortex in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which mimics cerebral ischemia, we showed that Shh-N can attenuate protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation as well as increase neurogenesis and angiogenesis while decreasing astrocytosis [45].