AGER and malignant colon neoplasm: After being activated by the extracellular S100A4 protein binding, RAGE activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NF-κB signaling pathways, augmenting the potency for tumor growth, cell migration, and invasion in colon cancer [12, 15, 16].