CCL4 and infection: In contrast, chemokine detection was mixed, with ECS containing slightly higher concentrations of MIP-1α and MIP-1β (produced by macrophages after stimulation with bacterial endotoxins, crucial during inflammation, responsible for activating neutrophils and inducing synthesis of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6), MCP-1 (recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and DCs to the site of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection) and IL-6 (secreted by T cells and macrophages)26.