GDF15 and cancer: In agreement with the role of FGFR1 in promoting cell proliferation and carcinogenesis, a number of iFGFR1-upregulated genes are cancer-driving genes such as ETS1, PIM1, NRG1, MMP1, and FOXQ1, while some iFGFR1-downregulated genes are tumor suppressors such as NR4A1 and GDF15.