BRAF and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: However, the BRAF V600E mutation could improve BRAF kinase activity and sustain the activation of downstream kinase MEK, which occurs in some human malignancies, such as melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, colonic adenocarcinoma, pulmonary cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas to stimulate tumor growth [10, 11].