As for AD related pathology, chia seed not only increased α-secretase including ADAM10 and IDE, but also increased β-secretase including BACE1 and cathepsin B, with an overall effect of elevation in the hippocampal Aβ42 level; chia seed slightly reduced p-Tauser404 in the hippocampus; while an elevation in neuro-inflammation with activation of GFAP and Ibα-1 have been observed post chia seed supplementation. Here, AIF1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.