TNF and infection: To evaluate the relevance of TNFα-mediated signaling in our in vitro model, we assessed TNFα and mTNFR expression by primary hMDMs (host cells) and co-cultured autologous T-cells (effector cells) after infection of macrophages with Lm. Infection was confirmed by flow cytometry (Figure 1A) as well as by Diff-Quik® stained cytospins (Figure 1B).