Chemical denervation of TRPV1 containing pancreatic afferents significantly reduced the levels of pre-type 1 diabetes immune markers such as CD4+ and CD25+ T-regulatory cells in pancreatic lymph tissue and reduced the infiltration of CD8-CD69 positive effector T-cells (165, 166); immune cells implicated in the destruction of pancreatic islets in type 1 diabetes. Here, CD69 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.