APP and Alzheimer disease: We utilized multiple methodologies to assess Aβ pathology including immunoblotting for full-length APP estimation, ELISAs for major Aβ toxic isoforms, Aβ 42 and Aβ 40, and Aβ oligomers, qRT-PCR based quantification of human APP mRNA transcripts, and immunohistochemical quantification of amyloid plaque load by thioflavin-S staining, to identify riluzole’s effect on different Aβ isoforms and aggregates that have been shown to have diverse roles in AD pathophysiology32,33.